A Country Doctor Writes:

It’s no secret that I have two jobs 220 miles apart and I recently revealed that my eight-year-old eight cylinder SUV has 256,000 (now 257,000; update, 259,000) miles on it (you get what you pay for).

A while ago I recorded a 15 minute monologue based on my very first blog post, Cholesterol Guidelines and the Bachelor with Platform Shoes, on Rev, an app that also offers remote transcription. All this while driving the trailer to pick up a load of hay early one Sunday morning.

Last night I decided to upload my recording for transcription at a fee of $1 per minute (with a first-time discount of $10). Below is the unedited copy. I think my commutes will be even more productive than just listening to audiobooks from now on:

More on Cholesterol Guidelines and the Bachelor with Platform Shoes

So, what does ABBA have to do with cholesterol? I’ll tell you in a minute.

40 years ago, I realized I was never going to make it as a composer of popular music, when I got the rejection letters from the record companies saying my music sounded moldy and why couldn’t I write something more like ABBA? So, I was kind of jealous of ABBA. I thought their music was a little stilted, plus the guys were almost on stilts with their platform shoes. I figured that would go out of fashion pretty soon, and it did, sort of, but not quite then. Now it’s back again, at least the music. I don’t know about the shoes.

In 2008 when I started my blog, my very first blog post was about cholesterol, and it was called Cholesterol Guidelines and the Bachelor with Platform Shoes. The idea was that cholesterol treatment was a numbers game. You had to reach certain targets. But already then we knew there were drugs that could lower cholesterol that didn’t seem to cut heart attack risk at all. So my analogy there was that if you put a short guy in platform shoes, he may look like a tall guy, but he really isn’t, and he doesn’t get the benefits of being tall, because that seems to convey popularity, and riches, and authority, and all kinds of things. And here we are 10 years later, and even though in 2013 the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology issued new cholesterol guidelines based on what we knew back when I wrote my first post about this topic. This thing doesn’t go away, just like ABBA doesn’t go away. So, let me explain.

This goes back to the 80s and Scandinavia figures here and there in this story. There was a study called the 4S Study, the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study. It showed that people who took simvastatin had fewer heart attacks and lived longer than people who did not. And simvastatin was invented to lower cholesterol, and there have been lots of studies about the benefits of these drugs, but there’s still some controversy about that.

There was a study a long time ago with Lipitor, where they had checked the buildup of the inner layer of the arteries in the neck on people who seemed to be at risk for strokes. They found that if you didn’t do anything, didn’t prescribe any Lipitor, the buildup in the carotid arteries got worse over a period of a couple years when they followed patients. If you have them a little bit of Lipitor you could slow down that progression of buildup, and if you gave more, it could stop and stay the same. And if you prescribed a high dose of Lipitor, the thickening of the innermost layer of the carotid arteries of that cholesterol buildup, plaque buildup, actually got better.

That led to guidelines, because people looked at what cholesterol lowering was achieved when you prescribed higher and higher doses of Lipitor, and it seems pretty logical that if the cholesterol drops, people are better off. That was one of the reasons we now had target numbers. In American measurements, the target numbers were, LDL, the bad cholesterol, should be less than 130 in most people, less than 100 in high-risk people, and less than 70 in people who already have cardiovascular disease.

That is still what the lab reports print out many years later, but we’ve actually known since before I wrote my post in 2008 that it really isn’t the cholesterol lowering at all. And in 2008, we already knew there was another drug called Zetia or ezetimibe that lowered cholesterol through a completely different mechanism from the statin drugs, but it really didn’t lower heart attack risk hardly at all. Therefore, more research has been done, and it has shown that the statin drugs have four other mechanisms, and those are the real reasons why they seem to lower heart attack risk as much as they do. Depending on which study you look at, it’s 30 to 50% lowering that’s possible with them.

The four other mechanisms, or the four other actions of the statin drugs are stabilizing plaque walls, and that’s very important, because 85% of all heart attacks happen not because the cholesterol plaque get bigger, and bigger, and bigger, and finally one day shut off the faucet. They happen because a plaque, that isn’t critical, ruptures, and when the wall of the plaque breaks, the gooey stuff inside mixes with the blood, and a clot forms around it, and that’s how a heart attack happens. Almost everybody has heard of somebody who passed a stress test with flying colors, and still went and had a heart attack soon afterwards, and the reason for that is plaque rupture. So, stabilizing plaque is the first mechanism besides the cholesterol lowering here, that doesn’t seem to mean so much, with the statin drugs.

And then the second thing that the statin drugs do that affects heart disease outcomes is that they prevent buildup of plaque in the first place. The third one is an anti-clotting affect that is different from the other blood thinners like aspirin and clopidogrel and so forth. And then the last effect that the statins have is that they can decrease coronary spasm, and coronary spasm can be the tipping point if somebody has partial blockages, and then the little muscles in the walls of the arteries tighten up. That can reduce blood flow enough to cause damage. So, we can measure the cholesterol lowering, but we really can’t measure the four other affects.

This was actually put into the new guideline, 2013, by the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association. They said because the arteries are living, changing things, it really doesn’t make sense anymore to assume that once you have a little buildup, it’ll continue to get worse no matter what you do. And that was a huge relief for a lot of doctors, because prior to the new guideline, we were encouraged to treat children with high cholesterol with statin drugs. Now the only children who are recommended treatment are children with a genetic type of cholesterol problem that causes sky-high cholesterols, and very early heart disease. But your average, perhaps, obese child with poor dietary habits does not need to be on cholesterol pills based on our new understanding.

So, the guideline in 2013 introduced a 10-year risk calculator where you put in age, sex, blood pressure, smoking, whether or not a person has the diagnosis of hypertension and takes medicine, whether the person has diabetes, and what their cholesterol numbers are. Based on that calculation, you get a 10-year cardiovascular risk estimate, and the beauty of this one, and the only real thing about it, is that an individual patient can see what their risk is compared to the best you could ever hope for. Because even if all the numbers are perfect, the older you are, the greater the risk. And, I mean, let’s face it, we’re all going to die sometime, and we’re not going to die because we get hit by meteors or we fall off a cliff. We’re going to die from heart disease or cancer.

So, that was 2013, and listen to this. They said that you treat based on the risk, and you treat with the statins, and there is no need to follow the cholesterol numbers since even bogus drugs can lower cholesterol. So they said, use the statins, don’t use Zetia. By the way, we’ve been treating low levels of the good cholesterol, HDL, with niacin for decades, and it’s a very unpleasant drug to take for many people with flushing and so forth. And guess what? Three major studies have shown that niacin, even though it increases the good HDL, does not improve heart attack risk, so it’s a waste of time.

So, here we are. We now have started our patient on a statin drug, and the guideline says the only reason to check cholesterol again is basically to prove that the patient is taking their medicine. I’m sorry. I don’t babysit. If somebody says they’re going to take it, I’ll take their word for it. Since the target numbers are gone, then why would I do blood tests to prove that my patient is doing what they decided to do in the first place? ‘Cause I certainly didn’t tell them to do it. I just gave them the option.

The thing about the guideline and the recommendation is, they have picked, arbitrarily, risk percentages that would make it a good idea to treat with a statin drug. And they set these numbers. If you have a 10-year risk between 5% and 7.5%, consider a low to moderate dose of the statin. If you have a greater than 7.5% risk, consider a moderate to high dose. The problem with this, even Mr. and Mrs. Perfect, once they get up there in age, so mid to late 60s, they should be on drugs no matter how good their numbers are, and no matter how favorably they compare to other people, and that’s expert opinion. That is not science.

So I think we need to be very careful as doctors that we lay out the facts and we look at the facts, and then I think we need to use our judgment if we should trust the expert opinion, because in many conditions, expert opinion is that things can happen to everybody are diseases and need drugs, so I have a hard time swallowing that. But I do like the idea that you can compare your risk to the best case scenario.

That’s where we stand with the guideline and the numbers. We still get lab reports that have the old target number on them, and we are still being measured doing annual cholesterol testing. It’s still a quality measure for diabetes care, for example. Even though the science pooh-poohed that about five years ago. That is one example of how elusive the concept of quality in healthcare can be.

(Transcribed by Rev)

https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/rev-voice-recorder/id598332111?mt=8